Author citation

Author citation

For the identification of the name of a species to be accurate and complete, and for the readily verification of the date of publication, it is necessary to cite the name of author who first validly published the name of the plant. The following rules are followed for author citation.

vThe name of the author should be written in an abbreviated form unless they are very short after the name of the specific epithet. e.g., Oryza sativa L. or Linn.

vWhen a name is published jointly by two authors, the names of both should be cited linking by et or & (ampersand). e.g., Aristolochia ciliata Davis & Khan

vWhen the name is published jointly by more than two authors, the citation should be restricted to the first author and is followed by et al. e.g., Cuscuta chittagonensis  Sengupta et al.

vWhen an author who validly publishes a name and ascribes it to another author who suggested the name but failed to publish it validly, the name of the latter should be connected to the name of former by an ex. e.g., Euphorphia ancyrensis Aznavaur ex Khan.

vWhen an author changes a published name (generic name or specific epithet), the name of the author who first published the name must be cited in parenthesis followed by the name of author who affected the change. e.g., Vinga unguiculata (L.) Walp.

ICBN:

ICBN:

ICBN (International Code of Botanical Nomenclature) is the international rule-book of botanical nomenclature formulated by the International Botanical Congress at Vienna 1905, Brussels 1910, Cambridge 1930, and Amsterdam 1935 and further revised by the American Society of plant taxonomists with the centenary of the Botanical Society in France (1854-1954). Some principles of the code are given below-

Botany.Taxonomy

Binomial Nomenclature:
The system of naming of plants with a binomial, i.e. a name consisting two parts is known as binomial nomenclature. Binomial nomenclature was first established by Carolous Linnaeus and finally settled by the international botanical congress held at Amsterdam in 1935.

The first word of the name designates the genus of the plant and begins with a capital letter, the second being the species and begins with small letter.

The name should always be underlined when written by hand or typed and given in italics when printed. Such as, Pea has received the name Pisum sativum.

The name of the author who first described a species is also written in an abbreviated form after the name of the species, e.g., Mangifera indica Linn. Here Linn. refers to the author who first described the plant.

Botany.Taxonomy

Plant Nomenclature

Nomenclature may be defined as the naming of plants,   

which may or may not indicate any relationship. The 

names given to plant are either Latin or from other

language and latinized.

Polynomial nomenclature

Before the middle of the eighteenth century or before 

Linnaeus, the names of plants were of polynomials, 

comprising several words in a series. For example, the

polynomial name of Ficus was Ficus foliis ovatis

integerimis obtusis caule inferne radiata i.e leaves are

ovate, entire, obtuse and root arises from the aerial

stem.

B

Merits

      1.  It is very simple way of classification

      2.  It is the most pioneer work in plant classification

Demerits

     1. Linnaeus system of classification is purely an artificial one where    

     he tried to arrange  the genera into orders with characters of

     simple symmetry.

    2. Most of the orders and genera of some families are mixed up, e.g., 

      some members of Anacardiaceae and all members of

    Zingiberaceae have been placed in one class Monandria as they

    have only one stamen.

   3. Dicots and monocots were mixed up in some cases, e.g.

   Sarmantaceae includes both Citis (dicot) and Asparagus (monocot).

  4 . Polypetalous orders are mixed up with gamopetalous ones.

Botany.Taxonomy

	Classes	Characters
12.	Icosandria	Stamens 20 or more, attached to the calyx
13.	Polyandria	Stamens 20 or more, attached to the receptacle
14.	Didynamia	Stamens didynamous
15.	Tetradynamia	Stamens tetradynamous
16.	Monadelphia	Stamens united in a bundle
17.	Diadelphia	Stamens united in two bundles
18.	Polyadelphia	Stamens united in more than two bundles
19.	Syngenesia	Stamens united by anthers
20.	Gyandria	Stamens adnate to the carpels
21.	Monoecia	Plants monoecious
22.	Dioecia	Plants dioecious
23.	Polygamia	Plants polygamous
24.	Cryptogamia	Plants with concealed flower

Botany.Taxonomy

	Classes	Characters
1.	Monandria	Stamen 1
2.	Diandria	Stamens 2
3.	Triandria	Stamens 3
4.	Tetrandria	Stamens 4
5.	Pentandria	Stamens 5
6.	Hexandria	Stamens 6
7.	Heptandria	Stamens 7
8.	Octandria	Stamens 8
9.	Enneandria	Stamens 9
10.	Decandria	Stamens 10
11.	Dodecandria	Stamens 11-19

	Classes	Characters
1.	Monandria	Stamen 1
2.	Diandria	Stamens 2
3.	Triandria	Stamens 3
4.	Tetrandria	Stamens 4
5.	Pentandria	Stamens 5
6.	Hexandria	Stamens 6
7.	Heptandria	Stamens 7
8.	Octandria	Stamens 8
9.	Enneandria	Stamens 9
10.	Decandria	Stamens 10
11.	Dodecandria	Stamens 11-19

Phylogenetic system:

 Phylogenetic system:

 Phylogenetic system is based on phylogenetic relationship and concept of evolution of plants. Such as-

Engler and Prantl’s system

Hutchinson’s system

Bessey’s system

Tippo’s system

Cornquist’s system etc.

 Phylogenetic system:

 Phylogenetic system is based on phylogenetic relationship and concept of evolution of plants. Such as-

Engler and Prantl’s system

Hutchinson’s system

Bessey’s system

Tippo’s system

Cornquist’s system etc.

Natural system:

Natural system:

In the natural system all the important characters are taken into consideration and plants are classified according to their resemblances and differences mostly in their important morphological characters. Such as-

Bentham and Hooker’s system

Jussieu’s system

De Candolle’s system etc.

Natural system:

In the natural system all the important characters are taken into consideration and plants are classified according to their resemblances and differences mostly in their important morphological characters. Such as-

Bentham and Hooker’s system

Jussieu’s system

De Candolle’s system etc.

Artificial system:

 Artificial system:

      In the artificial system only one or at most a few characters are selected arbitrarily and plants are arranged into groups according to such characters. Such as-

  Theophrastus classification

Linnaeus classification

Nutritional classification etc.

 Artificial system:

      In the artificial system only one or at most a few characters are selected arbitrarily and plants are arranged into groups according to such characters. Such as-

  Theophrastus classification

Linnaeus classification

Nutritional classification etc.

1. Identification and nomenclature of plants	2. Source of income
3. Identification of medicinal plants 5. Place of planting and choice of planting 7. Management of forest 9. Flora of specific regions 11. Landscape gardening	4. Identification of toxic plants 6. Artificial hybridization and development of new species 8. Evolutionary trends 10. Adverse effect of changed environment 12. Aesthetic value